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Difficulties Involved in Defining and Measuring Crime and...

This assignment will discuss the problems between crime and deviance, what counts as crime and deviance and how it varies with place and time. It will include the difference and similarities and give examples of defining crime and deviance. Finally the essay moves on to looking at how to identify why official statistics do not reflect in today’s society and may not be totally accurate. Crime is usually looked upon as an infringement of criminal law where as deviance has a vast and wider approach to crime and is consequently much harder to define. Crime is not a naturally occurring phenomenon it is manmade and more significantly, they are influenced by powerful groups within society. (Doherty, M.2005 page9) The simplest way of defining†¦show more content†¦Deviance may result in formal or informal punishment or stigmatisation (negatively viewed and scorned by others) for example Goths are seen as deviant as they go against social norms. (www.tutor2u.net) Crime is usually looked upon as a violation of criminal law whereas deviance has a wider approach to crime and is therefore much harder to define. Rape and murder are defined as criminal and deviant, so the problems that have escalated over time concerning crime and deviance are what one could define as crime may in another one’s mind be defined as deviant. Therefore it is true to say that not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is crime it could be neither or both (www.ruthssociology.com) Crime is a behaviour that is against the law, which in fact can carry a heavier punishment than the punishment of deviance itself. Having looked at the problems in defining crime and deviance, this essay will now move onto looking at the difficulties in measuring crime. Official crime statistics are collated by the government and compiled by the home office every 6 months, they gather the statistics from all the police forces in England and Wales for the previous year, so it can achieve a better understanding of the trends in crime. The home office looks at the different uses of official statistics, by monitoring trends, looking at different areas- for example is there likely to be more obscurity with gangs in under privileged areas, than in upperShow MoreRelated A Sociological and Psychological Assessment of Crime and Deviance3011 Words   |  13 PagesSociological and Psychological Assessment of Crime and Deviance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sociology of deviance is the sociological study of deviant behavior, or the recognized violation of cultural norms. Cultural Norms are societys propensity towards certain ideals; their aversion from others; and their standard, ritualistic practices. 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Robert Edward Lee Essay Example For Students

Robert Edward Lee Essay Robert Edward LeeRobert Edward Lee was born of two distinguished Virginia families. Hewas a devoted son, an outstanding Westpoint cadet, and an United States armyofficer for thirty two years. He graduated second in his class. Lee started his impressive Military career as a Lieutenant in the Corpsof Engineers. His first assignment was to work on the construction of FortPulaski in 1830 near Savannah, Georgia. Then in 1831 he was transferred to FortMonroe, Virginia where he worked on harbor defenses. In 1834 he moved to Washington, D.C. as an assistant to the chief ofengineers. In 1835 he was assigned to resolve the Ohio-Michigan boarderconflict. In 1837 he went to Saint Louis to work on stabalizing the Mississippiriver channel. He was promoted to captain in 1838. Being sucessful in SaintLouis he was assigned to Fort Hamilton in 1841 to work on the New York Harborfortifications. When war broke out with Mexico in 1840 Lee was sent to Mexico for twoyears as an engieneering officer. There he was praised for his galantry andgood conduct. In the war with Mexico he was wounded in the Storming ofChapultepec in 1847. The Mexican war was suposed to be the help that Lee neededin the experance of commanding troops. After the Mexican war Lee was assigned to Baltimore in 1848, he was tosupervise the construction of Fort Carrol for nearly four years. In 1852 the United States military academy at West Point became Leeshome when he was appointed superintendent. During his three year stint heraised acidemic standards, lengthened the program from four to five years, andimproved facilities. In 1859 in Arlington, Texas Lee was given command of Federal forceswhich were there to make sure Mexicans did not invade Texas. Then Lee was sentto capture the abolitionist, John Brown at Harpers Ferry. Then when war seemed impossible to avoid, President Abraham Lincionsummond Lee and asked him to lead the Union army, but Lee declined. On April 23he became commander and chief of the military forces in Virgnia, just three daysafter he resigned from the U.S. Army. In February 1865 Lee was made commander and chief of all confederateforces. His great battles of the Civil wars include Antietam, Chancellorsville,Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg. He won many, many battles in the Civil war. Finally on April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Uylesses S. Grant at the Appomattox courthouse. He had a knack for anticipating the actions of his opponents and forcomprehending their weaknesses. Many of Lees tactics were not fully understooduntil the twentyth century. After the war Lee accepted the Presidency of Washington College, nowWashington and Lee University in the fall of 1865. He died there on October 12,1870. Lee is arguably the greatest General in American Warfare history. He hasbeen called a hero by many Americans. He was a great soldier and commander onthe battlefield. The Robert Lee memorial is now a national memorial.

Why Automated Voting System Essay Example

Why Automated Voting System? Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we are going to deal with the major points behind choosing a simple automated voting system as a baby thesis and why visual basic 6. 0 is the programming language we choose, with a general overview about the project and how it works. So turn this page quickly and get yourself ready to find how it is working. WHY AUTOMATED VOTING SYSTEM ? We we’re thinking that the school needs an automated voting system to have a faster and hustle free voting. WHY VISUAL BASIC ? The main reason is that Visual Basic 6 is one of the Microsoft’s greatest language for Visual programming. Although writing programs can be a tedious chore at times, Visual Basic reduces the effort required on your part and makes programming enjoyable. Visual Basic makes many aspects of programming as simple as dragging graphic objects onto the screen with your mouse. Another reason is that Visual Basic is more easy to learn in small period of time than other programming languages, it was chosen to be the programming language for our system. GENERAL OVERVIEW A-VOTING SYSTEM With a paper-based system, the electronic component is usually a tabulation device. This means that votes are counted on an electronic system, which is much faster than a manual count. One of the advantages of a paper-based system is that the ballot is physically represented by a piece of paper. This tangibility reassures voters that their choices are being counted. Still, a physical ballot does not ensure a vote will be correctly counted. Many factors can contribute to a misapplied vote. Holes in punch cards may not be properly aligned or fully punched, resulting in a â€Å"hanging chad,† made infamous in the 2000 election in Florida. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automated Voting System? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automated Voting System? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automated Voting System? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On optical scan cards, stray marks or incomplete markings may be misinterpreted when tabulated. Printers that mark optical scan cards can run low on toner, resulting in cards with incomplete or unreadable marks. It may also be possible for a voter to vote for two or more candidates for a single position, known as overvoting; these selections are not counted by tabulation devices. Physical ballots can be lost or destroyed before tabulation. Still, it is far more difficult to lose paper ballots than it is to lose an intangible electronic record. Since votes are recorded on a memory device, tabulation takes less time. There are no paper ballots to scan, so there’s less risk of mechanical error. While human error is still a factor and there is always a concern about software bugs; in an ideal system, tabulation is instantaneous with no need for recounts. CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS ELECTRONIC VOTING? ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC VOTING Electronic voting systems may offer advantages compared to other voting techniques. An electronic voting system can be involved in any one of a number of steps in the setup, distributing, voting, collecting, and counting of ballots, and thus may or may not introduce advantages into any of these steps. Potential disadvantages exist as well including the potential for flaws or weakness in any electronic component. In May 2004 the U. S. Government Accountability Office released a report titled Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges,[10] analyzing both the benefits and concerns created by electronic voting. A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed. It has been demonstrated that as voting systems become more complex and include software, different methods of election fraud become possible. Others also challenge the use of electronic voting from a theoretical point of view, arguing that humans are not equipped for verifying operations occurring within an electronic machine and that because people cannot verify these operations, the operations cannot be trusted. Furthermore, some computing experts have argued for the broader notion that people cannot trust any programming they did not author. Critics of electronic voting, including security analyst Bruce Schneier, note that computer security experts are unanimous on what to do (some voting experts disagree, but it is the computer security experts who need to be listened to; the problems here are with the computer, not with the fact that the computer is being used in a voting application). Voter intent Electronic voting machines are able to provide immediate feedback to the voter detecting such possible problems as undervoting and overvoting which may result in a spoiled ballot. This immediate feedback can be helpful in successfully determining voter intent. CHAPTER 3 HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS: This is Automated Voting System created in Visual Basic 6. 0. It can generate reports like canvassing report and voters report(tracking of which year and section has the most and least number that participate). The system is alsocapable of generating unique Student ID and password. An automated voting system that integrates the stages of registering and certifying voters and collecting their votes. A computer-based voter registration administrator accesses a database to verify that the voter is eligible to vote. The admin mode provide a computer-based interactive graphic interface for permitting the voter to enter votes. Administrator activates and monitors the vote entry stations to prevent unauthorized voting. An automated voting system comprising single or multiple voting stations for controlling and being a voting station simultaneously. The voting system includes an integrated pointing device with graphical user interface for displaying the ballots. The voting stations may or may not be interconnected and indeed may operate as a single unit as a complete polling station. The voting system will track the number of votes and continuously display the number of votes cast on a counter system as it clearly displays the voter intent. The automated voting system also provides security for the voter and the system both internal and external. The external security system may be controlled by the polling authorities while the internal security system operates independently. The automated voting system will also print on separate printers the tally results at the polling place and/or transmit the tally to a central collection position. The automated voting system also allows the voter to void the ballot prior to casting of the vote and then permit re-establishment of the voting unit. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE SYSTEM This invention relates to Automated Voting Systems and more particularly to a system for verifying registered voters and collecting and tabulating votes from a single or a plurality of voting mechanisms.