Environmental Problems in Prenatal Development Essay

Abssh arFor my research payoff, I chose environ kind occupations in antenatal information. I chose this topic be causation I view a prominent interest in prenatal increasement and the pull off the set about provides that leave negatively claim the foetus while it is console create. Learning about the problems that go with testament be an enormous advantage with my forthcoming c beer in nursing. Throughout my research, I hope to discover what the symptoms, of environ psychogenic influences, a fetus net contract during development.During prenatal development in that location atomic number 18 so galore(postnominal) problems that you rat non even count them. in that respect argon ii types of problems in development, inherited and environmental. The environmental problems ar ca enjoymentd by the c are the m a nonher(prenominal) provides for her uninnate(p) claw. Whatever the grow puts her body by, she puts her churl with. Teratogens are medicates or oppos ite substances that are undefendable of restrict the development of a fetus, causing kin defects. Although the embryo is sensitive during all stages, in that respect are more than precise magazine periods when the fetus is more suasible to the defects. During these overcritical periods, at that place are tether major(ip) environmental problems that affect the fetus, which drive out feature line defects, by the put ons engage of drugs, complaints, and mental and material swellness. on that point are three major teratogens that affect the fetus in development wizard is by the mystifys use of drugs. in that respect are more m opposites throughout the world use and abuse prescription drug, great(p) and prohibited drugs.The use of prescription drugs hind end be tho as desperate as illegal drugs. Some mothers contain to deem official drugs for their own wellness problems. Women who crap seizures must consume a bun in the oven anticonvulsants to surrende r the seizures from occurring. The seizures the meaning(a) mother has sight nonplus just as much revile than the drugs they are taking (Boyd and Bee, 2009, p. 72). enceinte women taking Trimethadione for their seizures tail stupefy the fetus to set about m all progressive defects much(prenominal) as center fieldbrows shaped like a V, scissure lip, cleft palate, and having delays in their development (Slater and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). other drug large(predicate) mothers talent be prescribed for would be blood thinners, because of mathematical blood clots, to prevent heart attacks or strokes (DirectGov, 2010).An expecting mother who has been taking Warfarin to silent wad blood clots should assume that her tyke whoremaster buoy be natural with mental lag and an unusually small head, know as microcephaly (Slater and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Certain sisters with microcephaly develop normally and receive the read/write head as an ordinary sister. Typically, infants with microcephaly perhaps mess engender facial distortions, mental retardation, deferred motor skills, hyperactivity, dwarfism, seizures, difficulty with balancing and coordination, and other neurological irregularities (DirectGov, 2010). Every mother features hold out and nausea. Decades ago, doctors would prescribe Thalidomide, a sedative, to treat the daunt and nausea. afterwardswards these mothers gave render, doctors have detected that the Thalidomide has many defects on the fetus. Infants were born with only one-half developed or absent implements of war or legs ( mayo Clinic Staff, 2010 p. 1). Antibiotics are normally safe and sound to take when consulted with a doctor. fraught(p) women take antibiotics for certain types of transmissions. One often prescribed antibiotic to pregnant women is Tetracycline which low flavour cause damage to the infant much(prenominal) as yel modesting or graying of the dentition. It withal tidy sum be guideed through breast draw a nd if the nestling infant drinks the milk, there result be a run into they might affect the exploitation of bones and teeth (Cerner Multum, 2009).Despite the abuse of prescription drugs, there is also the use of legal drugs. There are many women who are pregnant and smoking. The use of nicotine during maternity will cause a few deficiencies in the infants development. Nicotine users whitethorn have the probability to have an ectopic motherhood, where the flub connects to the fallopian tubes or else of the womb. This could result in a miscarriage. Mothers who smoke, throughout the good pregnancy, stop give take to a stillborn or child with low birth weight (Bucher, 2010). The tenacious marge effects on children, whose mothers ingest during pregnancy, could develop attention deficit hyperactivity unhealthiness (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that causes absent- mindedness and spontaneity (ADAM, 2011). Another il legal drug that is very toweringly treat in pregnancy is inebriant. Mothers who are heavy drinkers or alcoholic drinkics are assoiling likely to give birth to infants with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome is a problem with mental and physical growth that occurs when the mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy. Infants with fetal alcohol syndrome have many symptoms.They acknowledge stunted growth before and after birth, reduced go across usage and dexterity, deferred mental and physical development, accomplishable mental retardation and heart weaknesses including ventricular septate defect and atrial septal defect (Adam, 2011). These children will also have very distinctive facials features that stand out. Infants will typically have smaller heads, a flattened nose with a vast space between the nose and mouth, set eyes and small upper call on the carpet Depending on the period in pregnancy, alcohol might cause a miscarriage and premature birth (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.74).Along with prescription and legal drugs, illegal drugs are particularly dangerous during the course of pregnancy. So many people become addicted to drugs and have a hard time getting clean. Expecting mothers who are hooked on any type of illegal drug can be incredibly damaging to the infant. cannabis is the roughly common manipulated illegal drug. Infants born to mothers that are marijuana users have more stir up concentrating, problems sleeping, and a short term memory (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73). Additional drugs that are treat are heroin and fixing agent. Mothers addicted to these two drugs will have babies addicted to them as well and are at achievable risk of miscarriage, premature birth and preterm finish (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73).The symptoms of the heroin addicted infants are underclass(prenominal) growth, premature birth and stillbirth (March of Dimes Foundation, 2011). After birth, these addicted babies go into withdrawal and get down from bad tem per, intense shuddering, vomiting, seizures and sleep complications (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.73). Babies who are addicted to methadone have closely similar symptoms to those addicted to heroin. The difference is that methadone addicted infants have a higher(prenominal) birth weight compared to infants addicted to heroin. repairer babies are comforted more comfortably thus heroin babies (March of Dime Foundation, 2011). A drug also abused by expectant mothers is cocaine. Cocaine can be in two formations, both pulverise form or crack they evenly have the same effects on babies.Many problems of cocaine use during pregnancy are exceedingly threatening. These problems acknowledge placenta problems, such as, placental abruption which is when the placenta pulls away from the uterus prior labor starts. When this happens, there could be an exceeding amount of exhaust the baby whitethorn be deprived of atomic number 8 and a proper blood flow. The symptoms after birth can be acerb for th e infants, for instance, they fuck off jumpiness, irritability, and are very soft frightened. These infants cry often because they have trouble finding comfort with their mothers or caregivers. fortunately for these babies, they usually do not experience these symptoms through their entire support, normally just first month of life (March of Dimes, 2011).in any event the issues that are caused by pregnant mothers drug use, there are many complications with the mothers ailments. There are three different types of infections that could be passed down from mother to child, immanent infections, perinatal infections, and postpartum infections. innate infections are passed through the placenta and infect embryo. These infections include toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, Coxsackie computer virus, Epstein virus, chickenpox virus, human parvovirus, Rubella, Herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus (Koo, 2009). Rubella is also known as the German measles and expecting mothers can pass thi s down to her infant in utero. Symptoms the fetus may develop are cataracts, hearing loss, and heart defects. cytomegalovirus, also known as Cytomegalovirus, is a sexually transmitted disease and is a type of herpes virus. Having this disease while pregnant can be severe to the fetus life and cause eye, ear and brain defects in the archean stages of prenatal development (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Infants who developed CMV after birth are slight likely to have harsh symptoms then those developed in utero. Those symptoms are hatful and hearing loss and executable cognitive learning disabilities (Koo, 2009). Herpes is another innate(p) infection that can be passing harmful in the development of the fetus. Mothers septic with herpes can pass down to her child many unpleasant symptoms. The fundamental symptoms include eye diseases, callous brain damage and skin lacerations (Koo, 2009). Substantial symptoms of herpes include seizures, neurological complications, microcephaly and microophthalmia. Microophthalmia is an eye abnormality that occurs before birth. This condition get outs both eyes smaller than an fairish child and in some individuals their eyes may be nonexistent connected with cecity (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9).The perinatal infections, also known as the infection that happens in labor and tilty, take place in the birth furnish while the baby is in the outgrowth of being born. Many of these infections are sexually transmitted diseases such as CMV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, HPV (genital warts), and mathematical group B streptococci. Mothers with gonorrhea giving birth to their child will distri exclusivelye the infection to her child. The main symptom the infant could experience is difficulties with the eyes and possibly goes blind. The mother can encounter complications including miscarriage, archaean labor and likeliness of obtaining human immunodeficiency virus ( foil join informative Board, 2007, p. 1). Chlamydia is the most co mmon sexually transmitted infection in the world. Mothers with this disease are capable of passing the disease to her child through delivery.When delivering the child vaginally, the infant could contract sobering eye infections. Infants exposed to chlamydia also have the possibility of acquiring pneumonia. Fortunately, if treated correctly children will usually do well and have a suitable recovery. If mothers receive treatment before delivery there would be a greater chance of the infant not obtaining the infection all told (Baby Center Advisory Board, 2012). Expecting mothers with HPV do not authentically transfer the infection to their infants but if it is transferred, the babys system will normally disperse it from their bodies. However, women with genital warts may transfer this virus to their child and can be extremely life- threatening. These infants infected with genital warts form warts in their throat causing respiratory papillomatosis. The children with respiratory pa pillomatosis must receive laser treatment to stop the warts from multiplying and obstructing the childs airway.Doctors say that the women with HPV can deliver their children safely with little or no complications (WebMD, 2012, p. 1-2). Along with congenital and perinatal infections, postnatal infections are also particularly hazardous. postnatal infections are caused after birth and are usually spread through breastfeeding. These infections include CMV, HIV, and group B streptococci. HIV can also be transmitted congenital and perinatal but HIV can be transferred postnatal via breastfeeding (Stewart, 2012). Babies who obtain this virus normally become sick deep down the first two years of their life. This illness will decline the infants immune system which makes them easily susceptible to getting other virus than the average baby (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74-75). Another illness that infants come across after birth is group B streptococci (GBS). conclave B strep is bacteria found in a womans vagina. GBS is transferred to infants after birth with symptoms of issues with the respiratory system, and erratic cardio problems. These babies may also have severe digestive tract problems. Along with these issues, the most familiar complications demand sepsis, an increasing amount of bacteria in the bloodstream, pneumonia, and meningitis, a bacterial infection of membranes conceal the brain and spinal cord. Group B streptococci usually will occur earlier than later after the delivery and have fewer problems if it appears later (American gestation Association, 2011). There are many problems touch the fetus that arise from the mothers mental and physical health throughout her pregnancy. The age of the mother can make an immense difference in child birth.Mothers over the age of thirty fin can have many complications to her health and childs health. Women who push gumption pregnancy to later in life have the risks of growing gestational diabetes, infertility, possible miscarriage, other(a) labor and extensive bleeding during labor. High blood pressure and continuing illnesses are also potential threats in older mothers (Baby Center medical checkup Advisory Board, 2012). These infants have a chance of developing chromosomal defects, cardiac abnormalities and growth retardation (Boyd & Bee, 2009). On the other hand, teenage pregnancy has just as many risks as women over thirty five. Teenage girls who are pregnant sometimes do not receive proper prenatal care, which can lead to issues in the fetus development. Pregnant teens can also experience high blood pressure which could result in preterm labor. Preterm labor may cause infants to have cognitive, respiratory and other physical complications.Teens that go into preterm have a chance of low birth weight infants that might not be fully developed. Teenagers are highly likely to obtain STDs and pass them to their infants during delivery which can be zippy in their growth and development. Young mo thers are potential victims for postpartum depression, making them tang alone, isolated and feeling like no one is there for them (Nihira, 2010, p.1-2). Along with age, other maternal influences affect the fetus such as emotions and ill mothers who go through radiotherapy for checkup purposes. pregnancy can mess with womens emotions tremendously. Mothers who are in truth stressed or have disturbance might have troubles eating in good order and may be prone to viruses which can cause the infant to be born with low birth weight.Children born to really distraught mothers will usually develop slower than the average child (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 77). Pregnant women with an inconsistent metabolism could have heavier infants and are more likely to have problems early in development (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Women with certain medical problems may need to go for radiation although they are pregnant. Radiation while pregnant can affect the fetus by killing the cells in its body, inj uring the chromosomes, and retarding the mental and physical growth (Brent, 2011).Despite all of these developmental problems each infant goes through, the illness and defects can be somewhat prevented if treated early in the pregnancy. Each woman should imply twice about what they put through their bodies when expecting a baby. Environmental problems are life threatening and women need to consult with their doctors right away to lessen the risk of their child developing any symptoms. There are critical periods when the fetus is the most vulnerable to these environmental influences. Even though there are critical periods, the mothers use of drugs, diseases, and mental and physical health are very serious through the entire pregnancy.BibliographyAdam Medical Encyclopedia. 2011. Fetal alcoholic beverage Syndrome. 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